Health Care Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Social insurance Reform - Essay Example Lawyers speaking to the province of Missouri affirm that 71.4% of voters in this state are not on the side of this demonstration. Among disappointed voters are the old people accepting medicare. Under current laws barring the section of the Health Care Art old people fit the bill for particular projects because of their age. The Health Care Act will wipe out a considerable lot of these projects leaving seniors to pay huge sums for social insurance administrations. Virginia lawyers in a different claim guarantee the Health Care Act expects people to buy medical coverage inclusion or pay extra premiums. With the decision left between paying extra premiums and older people compelled to make up for medicare benefits/programs lost numerous people are considering how they will endure monetarily. As indicated by Glover(2010), A lady revealed to Lauer she needs to settle on a choice every month on whether to make the house installment or doctor prescribed medications. We shouldn't must have those circumstances going, she said (pp. 16). Under the new reconstruction of this demonstration people that don't buy medical coverage will be required to take care of a yearly punishment of $695.00 leaving numerous people disappointed. Anyway dissatisfactions stretch out past these two states. Separate claims have been documented in twenty-one states charging sacred rights are in infringement.

Texts in Time Essay Orwell’s 1984 and the Matrix

Messages in their Time article A book is a mirror for the worries of a period and spot. Orwell’s â€Å"1984†and the Wachowski brother’s â€Å"Matrix† can be seen as a mirror into the worries of a period and spot. â€Å"1984† portrays how a various leveled world oppression is set up, how it remains in power, how it treats individuals and what life resembles living under such a framework. The â€Å"matrix† is additionally a portrayal of how the world as ‘we’ realize it tends to be controlled into the obscure or changed to suit the belief system of one higher power.The framework is likewise observed as a circumstance that most of mankind can't identify with; it is a situation that isn't just out of their control however a situation that the normal human can't appreciate it goes outside an ability to control framework that the normal human cerebrum can't identify with. The framework presents ideas that don't play to regular daily exi stence. Orwell vision of 1984 was formed by his encounters however out his time as a volunteer in the Spanish common war and after coming back to Britain post-war when the nation was a position of deficiencies and rationing.Orwell battled against one party rule, yet was determined to crushing its rebel and Trotskyist partners. The annihilation of autocracy included the accomplishment of and the rise of the USSR as an incredible force. Orwell was profoundly worried about this reality. Orwell stayed a devotee to the basic integrity of the â€Å"common people†, the laborers or â€Å"proles†. Due to Orwell’s individual conditions, his blurring future from tuberculosis may have impacted the depressing making of the world that is â€Å"1984†. â€Å"1984† is a book which delineates the narrative of Winston smith who is a typical man or an individual from the external party in the progressive system of the ‘big brother’ system.The â€Å"1984à ¢â‚¬  world is an extremist society where the gathering or elder sibling attempts to control everything, including thought and feeling. Elder sibling is a tyrant transport which controls each development in the public arena through consistent observation and unforgiving punishments for rebelliousness, for example, torcher or demise. Elder sibling is the substance of the gathering; the gathering is the committed despot transport which has full oversight over Oceania during the war with Eastasia and Eurasia. Elder siblings trademarks are dreary and conflicting; WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY and IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH.Newspeak is the official language of Oceania which had been made to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc. Ingsoc made newspeak to in the long run become dull free idea, with newspeak no man or lady could carry out idea wrongdoing and no individual would have the option to endeavor to separate the gathering that is elder sibling. All words are groupings in newspeak. All ideas of freedom and uniformity, for example, are totally contained in the single expression of ‘crimethink’, while all words gathering themselves round the ideas of objectivity and logic were contained in the single expression of ‘oldthink’.The Wachowski brother’s â€Å"Matrix† is a post-present day content which was shot in 1999. The network is a piece of the I. T. upset made to portray the ideal world. The framework is about a PC programmer ‘Neo’ who is constrained into the acknowledgment of the lattice, the grid was made to detain you in the gigantic man-made brainpower framework which has taken advantage of people’s minds and made the deception of a genuine world, while thinking carefully and bodies for energy.Morpheus is persuaded neo is the is â€Å"the one† who can obliterate the network and carry his kin to both physical and mental opportunity. The framework can be portrayed as a window into the truth of th e profound existence where as people can't see yet we cause suspicions about a more powerful this to can be connected with Orwell’s 1984 with the idea of ‘big brother’ with the lattice is depicted as a deception of the physical world which can be controlled through the idea of neo as he is â€Å"the one†.In the grid and Orwell’s 1984 the fates delineated are comparable yet endlessly unique, the network delineates the future as a horrendous deadpan spot which has next to no desire for mankind, while Orwell’s 1984 the future despite everything has a somber layout however through control of the language the individuals have no clue about how to understand that their future is hopeless as well as domed where as though the gathering was to decrease the individuals because of the extremist methods of older sibling typical society would not have the option to work as the elder sibling framework had desterilised basic information on existence without I higher power.To finish up I accept that Orwell’s 1984 and the Matrix have been an incredible similar investigation.

Desertification And Deforestation Essays -- Environment Environmental

Desertification And Deforestation The Amazon Rainforest is presumably the most significant locale that is undermined by deforestation. With more than 4,000,000 squared kilometers it is generally the size of the United States. The Amazon spreads across nine South American Countries and contains one-fifth of the Worlds new water and 33% of the known living species. The land is home to several indigenous gatherings and is considered by numerous individuals to be â€Å"the lungs of the planet†. The greater part of the Amazon is as yet immaculate, yet the district is being wrecked at a disturbing rate. More than 8 million sections of land of the rainforest are lost each year. Between 1978 to 1996, 12.5 percent of the irreplacable rainforest was demolished. Eighty-five percent of the trees that are being chopped down are old development. Old development timberlands are backwoods that give a pivotal environment to natural life, wash down poisons out of the air and water, are the home to the social legacy of numerous indigenous gatherings and are the wellspring of numerous valuable plants. Just twenty-two percent of the world’s old development stays unblemished. In the United States, under four percent of its old development woods are as yet standing. Brazil contains 65 percent of the Amazon Basin. The deforestation rate in Brazil makes up 36.1 percent of the complete biozone zone lost every year. This is the most elevated on the planet. Indonesia is second with 8.7 percent. This is the explanation that Brazil is the focal point of generally political and social endeavors to perserve essential tropical and sub-tropical biozones. One of the fundamental driver of deforestation in the Amazon is the logging business which produces compressed wood and mahagony items like bathroom tissue, rayon, camera film and cigerette channels. E... ...P., eds. World Deforestation in the Twentieth Century. Duke University Press. Durham and London: 1988. Sponsel, Leslie E., Healdland, Thomas N., Bailey, Robert C. Tropical Deforestation: The Human Dimension. Colombia University Press. New York: 1996. http://africalibrary.org/env__reading#.html. â€Å"The Africa Library† Web article. http://africalibrary.org/env_reading2.html. â€Å"The Africa Library† (What is Desertification?† Internet Article. http://www.reast.demon.co.uk/ch954.htm#TARGET4. â€Å"Conservation: Territory ED 1995.† Internet Article. http://www.panda.org/assets/factsheets/general/57desert.html. â€Å"DESERTIFICATION.† Internet Article. http://grid2.cr.usgs.gov/des/uncedp1/html#j. â€Å"Part I† Internet Article. http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/sd/analya/sdvol10no4e.html. â€Å"Sustainable Developments Vol. 10 No. 4.† Internet Article.

What My Students And I Are Thankful For 2015

posted on November 24, 2015    Every year, I like to write a post about what I am thankful for, and I also like to encourage my students to write down the people and things for which they are thankful, as well.   My students filled my chalkboard with thanksgiving†¦ Students tracing their hands as part of their Thanksgiving bellwork. Students seemed to enjoy today’s Thanksgiving activity. 5 Things I’m Thankful For This Year #5 Google Classroom This software, and my students’ willingness to use it, in conjunction with email, has been a huge time saver for me. It’s enabled me to communicate with my students outside of the classroom, and provide them everything they need to complete work they missed. Instead of scrambling between classes or on my plan, I invest my time on the front-end making sure that all assignments are online and linked in Classroom. Students can then login at their leisure to see what we’re working on, or complete assignments. Some students have even completed assignments ahead of time. #4 Wise Colleagues I have been blessed with the opportunity to work with wise and caring colleagues every year I’ve been a teacher. As a relative newbie to the field, I quickly learned that having colleagues to work with, commiserate with, problem-solve with, and laugh with is one of the keys to a successful school year. Some  of the  best teachers I’ve worked with in each of my schools has been the librarian, who is a fount of wisdom, as they know all the students, and the teachers in the special education department. If you’re a new teacher, get to know, like, and trust these people. Working with them will enable you to do a better job, which will only help your students succeed. #3 Supportive Administration Last year, I wrote a post asking â€Å"Am I Going To Survive As A Teacher?† One of the keys to motivating teachers mentioned at a Leadership Academy led by Dr. Bobby Moore is getting rid of the carrots and sticks. Some administrators — and bosses outside of education, for that matter — seem to think that if employees are constantly angry, fearful for their jobs, or thrown off balance as often as possible, than they will work better. This could not be further from the truth. As Dr. Moore stated, employees will work harder for bosses they like. Likewise, teachers will work harder for principals and administrators who treat them as professionals, who believe in what they are doing, who support them in tough situations, and who offer sincere advice on how to improve. It also helps if those same administrators say what they mean, and mean what they say.   #2 Parents I have taught in schools where they only time you ever heard from a parent is at the end of the semester when their student had flunked, or if they perceived a problem. I have also taught in schools where parents checked in on their students regularly, while at the same time supporting the educational process. #1 Students While teaching has its ups and downs — just like learning — I am blessed to have to opportunity to see young people learn and grow. As teachers, we must remember that the students are why we do what we do. I am so thankful for those students who come to school ready to learn every day, and I’m so thankful for those students who come to school needing more, because it’s those students for whom we can make the most difference. You can see my previous entries here: What We’re Thankful For†¦ 5 Things Teachers Can Still Be Thankful For Michelle WatersI am a secondary English Language Arts teacher, a University of Oklahoma student working on my Master’s of Education in Instructional Leadership and Academic Curriculum with an concentration in English Education, and a NBPTS candidate. I am constantly seeking ways to amplify my students’ voices and choices.

Surrogate Mothers The Topic Of Many Controversies

Noelia Gonzalez Mr.Kegley Health Science- 6th period September 23rd, 2015 Surrogate Mothers Surrogate mothers have been the topic of many controversies, regarding how ethical it is. As many know surrogate mothers are women who bear a child for another woman (Surrogacy: the experiences of surrogate mothers, 2196-2204). There has been many sides to this argument, deciding whether it was ethical or unethical. Some people have chosen to support this type of medical practice, while others have shun it away completely arguing against it’s inhumane ways. Firstly, some people have chosen to agree with this type of practice because of it’s benefits to couples of whom can not conceive a child. Whether it be a homosexual couple, or just a couple who is infertile and can’t have children. (Surrogate Mothers: Not So Novel After All, 28-34) In addition, the women who do end up as surrogate mothers, end up feeling better about giving a childless couple, the gift of having a child. Also other advantages that can be taken into acco unt brings us back to same gender couples who can not conceive a child on their own, these couples would be now allowed to have a child of their own. (Gay Men Who Become Fathers via Surrogacy: The Transition to Parenthood, 111-141) They would, of course provide their sperm or egg, to the mother. This is a more efficient way to get a child, rather than go with adoption of anotherShow MoreRelatedEssay Reproductive Techniques: In Vitro Fertilization1197 Words   |  5 Pagesissues concerning the rights and parenthood. What does occur in the process of sperm donation? What happens when a surrogate mother refuses to give the child? What are the motives of the surrogate mother and why seeking parents don’t rely on adoption to help children who are already born? In this research paper I will try to analyze the legal, social and ethical aspects of surrogacy controversy. Technically speaking, technological advances such as in vitro fertilization, gamete intra-fallopian transferRead MorePrenatal Genetic Testing Raise Ethnic Issues1570 Words   |  7 Pagesparents decide to abort the child is being viewed as an inequality to the disabled community. Secondly, certain adoptions are put on hold since the biological parents chose to not carry the unborn child through the entire pregnancy, however, the surrogate mother wants to carry the child through the entire term. Lastly, research shows that the results can be a false positive, so unintentionally the parents decide not to keep the unknown, but healthy baby. To start off with the population that is bornRead MoreThe Risks of In Vitro Fertilization Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many Pros and Cons on this topic. For many couples dream’s that have been vanished with the possibility of having a child of its own blood, IVF might be worth the risk. Although you do have a risk of running into this problem, how likely is it for your child to encounter them. Invitro fertilization is an effective means of getting pregnant for many women. Birth Defects Birth defects are the most common issues that face while conduction In-Vitro fertilization. The Controversies are whetherRead MoreHca 322 Week 5 Assignment2523 Words   |  11 Pagessurrogacy. It is a course of action that goes outside of natural reproduction. For some, it is the only method of having children, extending family. Surrogacy has been stirring up many controversies over the years. Ethics, morals, laws, religious views, etc. have played a major role in the issues that follow the topic of surrogacy. Laws and regulations pertaining to surrogacy vary from state to state. Some states have no enforceable laws towards surrogacy, while others only permit surrogacy contractsRead MoreThe Ethical And Medical Controversy1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe argument regarding the selling of organs on the black market has been an ethical and medical controversy for decades. The problems that exists ethically is to be believed that putting a price on a human organ is materialistic, people may go to extremes to donate a kidney, and the fear of the spread of infections or diseases. Although the fears are natural, mostly because people have always associated the black market with a negative connotation, the ethical fears out-weigh the idea that donatingRead MoreSurrogacy : Lets Make More Babies3128 Words   |  13 PagesNicole Shaw ENG 106: Composition II 17 April 2015 Surrogacy: Lets Make More Babies Wanting to be a parent and having children one day proves a likely inheritable natural instinct to humans. Growing up, little girls play with baby dolls acting as a mother to their doll â€Å"babies.† Seeing babies in pubic makes people want to have one of his or her own baby. Centuries ago, if someone could not conceive or bear a child, he or she had no choice other than to remain childless. Fortunately, in the late 1900’sRead MoreCloning Endangered Species Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pagesfreedom, strength, and beauty lies heavily on this bird; if it were to become an extinct species, what would that say for the United States? There is a very realistic and near-future solution: cloning. The topic of cloning, which has become a part of modern-day society, is a controversial topic because it has become an unfathomable concept to those who still hold the traditional values. When cloning technology is furthered and can be perfected, it will put an end to the number of in creasing endangeredRead MoreSurrogate Parenting, Research Paper2324 Words   |  10 Pageshusband on the path to parenthood and their surrogate helped them to get there. Their story is the subject of a play written and performed b Juditz and directed by her husband (Zimmerman 1). Juditz surrogate explained that her motivation stemmed from her own uncertain ancestry; she wanted to help someone to have their biological child (Zimmerman 2). Having a biological link is the reason many prospective parents choose surrogacy over adoption. Surrogate parenting is an effective method of fertilityRead MoreThe Struggle For Improving Reproductive Rights1279 Words   |  6 Pages Her Body, Her Rights Throughout American history, women have faced many challenges to earn equal rights in almost all aspects of life. Although changes have been made, today there are still battle to be won. One of these issues is the struggle for improving reproductive rights. Women are often judged for their maternal decisions, whether that is in choosing surrogacy, abortion, and even those who choose different forms of contraception. Over the years, Planned Parenthood and other health servicesRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Cloning1034 Words   |  5 Pagesimitates, or closely resembles another in appearance, function, performance or style† . In addition, the word clone is derived from the Greek word Klonos, which means â€Å"branch†. Throughout this paper, I will be talking about the topic of human cloning. However, there are many who have concluded to different definitions. To clarify, and use a specific definition, the American Medical Association defines the method of cloning as th e production of genetically identical organisms. In summary, the process

English Creative Writing Essay - 783 Words

It was the last night of camp. Everyone had mixed emotions; some girls were happy to see their parents, some girls sad that they are leaving, and some who are just kind of like whatever. That night I was between, I was super excited to see my family and pick up my brother from the brother camp, but at the same time really sad that I was leaving my friends who became really like sisters to me. Most of all I was excited to have our parents watch Hymn Sing. I walk into to the dining hall for the last time with my cabin. We all have a sign where each cabin should sit and my cabin, Upper Loft plops right down and sits in a circle. My best friend Claudia whispers to me â€Å" we must have fun† and I knew then that we are going to live this night†¦show more content†¦The last Hymn sing put together in a fourty five minutes the things I got from camp. I felt sisterhood, confidence, love, spirituality, and energy which summed up what camp gaveShow MoreRelatedEnglish Essay Cr eative Writing - Bullying657 Words   |  3 PagesEnglish Writing Dear Diary I am standing alone in a lake. The water is still, and there is no one with me - nothing containing any life†¦ and yet I still feel like something is observing me. I can’t hear anything or see through the thick blanket of fog that carries an air of melancholy across the marsh. I am standing alone in a lake. Until I open my eyes. Tranquillity leaves me and I am transported to a place where there is no adequation; where hierarchy takes over and all beings abide by itRead MoreThrough My Creative Writing And Reading Experience, I Have1156 Words   |  5 PagesThrough my creative writing and reading experience, I have been exposed to a variety of literary genres. My preferred genres have consistently been free verse poetry, fiction, and non-fiction. 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Assess The Significance Of The Role That free essay sample

The Enlightenment Attributed To God Essay, Research Paper Measuring the function of God in Enlightenment idea is non an easy undertaking, the chief ground being that the bulk of the great Enlightenment minds did non really address ( or onslaught: the two verbs at this clip being synonymous ) the issue of God specifically ( the noteworthy exclusions being the atheists d # 8217 ; Holbach and Jacques-Andr # 233 ; Naigeon ) . What the philosophes did reference and onslaught was organized faith, normally Catholicism ( although Christianity as a whole was ferociously criticized ) . In order therefore, to detect their perceptual experience of God, it will be necessary to analyze their statements refering faith. However, even this is non every bit simple as it appears. The Enlightenment was a really wide motion which included minds of differing beliefs and thoughts and hence, there was no unvarying consensus on the topic # 8211 ; some ( such as vitamin D # 8217 ; Holbach ) were atheist, others deeply spiritual ( notably Rousseau ) , whilst the bulk were freethinkers of one sort or another ( free thought was a motion that ran parallel to the Enlightenment although it had originated prior to it ) . Clearly though, the bulk of the philosophes were spiritual, which is important # 8211 ; the Enlightenment did non assail God nor did it assail faith ( as Nicolson puts it, # 8220 ; it was non faith that they attacked, but superstitious notion: non faith but priesthood. # 8221 ; ) yet this was purportedly a motion that advocated rationalism, ground and cognition, thoughts which are non, to my head, compatible with faith. It would look hence that the Enlightenment # 8217 ; s stance on faith was societal instead than theological. This so would explicate the campaign that was waged against Christianity ( the celebrated # 233 ; crasez cubic decimeter # 8217 ; inf # 226 ; me ) . To the philosophes, Christianity was a societal establishment which was the antithesis of everything that they stood for. As Porter writes, for Diderot, Voltaire et Al. # 8220 ; emancipation of world from spiritual dictatorship had to be the first blow in a general political relations of emancipation. # 8 221 ; The altering position of faith was doubtless influenced by the altering philosophical and scientific ambiance of the Eighteenth century. The diminution of Cartesian doctrine and its positions of the existence and society, to be replaced by Newton had a enormous impact on the Enlightenment ( as did the work of other great English minds, particularly Bacon, Hobbes and Locke ) . It seems in hindsight that struggle with Christianity was inevitable, as scientific cognition increased, yet the sheer fierceness of the onslaught that followed simply reinforces the thought that the struggle was more than merely science against religion. It is easy to see why Newton appealed to the philosophes # 8211 ; the thought that nature could be explained through scientific discipline but ( on a metaphysical note ) that even scientific discipline could non detect all causes and affects and Newton # 8217 ; s ain ( freethinker ) belief that God personally intervened to modulate nature # 8211 ; all could be incorporated into a positivist religion. The impact of Newtonianism is evident. For Voltaire, ( who has been described as a Newtonian freethinker ) # 8220 ; the whole doctrine of Newton leads of necessity to the cognition of a supreme Being, who created everything # 8230 ; # 8221 ; The influence of English thought on the Enlightenment was non confined to science. The deist motion, which was a important constituent of Enlightenment idea, had originated in England in the Seventeenth century, around the clip of the Civil War and had a vigorous followers, its head propagandists being Hobbes, Locke, Paine, Toland, Tindal and Collins. As with their Gallic coevalss, they used ground and rationalism against the Church, composing books which criticized all facets of Christianity. The interesting thing to observe is the chronology # 8211 ; was the societal and political ambiance of the Civil War and its wake a direct cause of English free thought, or would it hold occurred anyho w? The impression that true faith was merely obeying God # 8217 ; s moral jurisprudence ( and nil else ) and that everybody had a right to idolize as they saw tantrum, would non be out of topographic point in the Enlightenment yet it began in England ( as Gay right points out when, # 8220 ; in the 1760s Voltaire mounted his # 8230 ; run to # 233 ; crasez cubic decimeter # 8217 ; inf # 226 ; me he invented nil. He bought out into the unfastened a conflict that had been fought underground for more than half a century ) . Deism # 8217 ; s significance, hence, was that it was a societal and rational reaction ( in this illustration, against organized faith ) , mirroring societal and rational reactions in other countries of human life, e.g. political relations. Thus the state of affairs in England was now being repeated in Enlightenment France ( it should be remembered that the philosophes wrote on all facets of life including the humanistic disciplines and scientific disciplines ) and so many of the Enlightenment minds had read the plants of Toland. Collins et Al. and been later influenced. Of all the Enlightenment polemists who assailed Christianity, Voltaire is likely the best known. His hate of the atrociousnesss committed in the name of faith ( The Crusades, The Inquisition, St.Bartholomew # 8217 ; s Eve Massacre, Wars of Religion ) added to his experience of faith in England, led him to reason for spiritual tolerance for all religions, even Jews and atheists. Like other Enlightenment figures Voltaire recognized the map that faith played in society, that of modulating people # 8217 ; s behavior, i.e. encouraging justness and morality within society ( which was the footing for Voltaire # 8217 ; s observation that if God didn # 8217 ; t exist, it would be necessary to contrive Him ) . This seems to be a contradictory place # 8211 ; the philosophes appeared to be assailing Christianity but besides reasoning that it was a necessary portion of society. T his is presumptively an elitist attitude though # 8211 ; ordinary people who didn # 8217 ; t know any better could hold Christianity whilst the more enlightened could hold their rational and benevolent free thought. The onslaught on Christianity was echt plenty though # 8211 ; Hume applied his scepticism to the belief that God’s existence could be proved from creation and also to the idea of miracles, whilst Fontelle and Boulanger launched a thinly veiled attack on Christianity’s â€Å"magical† and sacrificial elements (under the guise of a study of primitive religions). Whilst Voltaire and Diderot were considered fierce critics of the Church even they were frightened by the radical atheism of the Baron d’Holbach, whose views, expounded in his book, System of Nature were described as being a â€Å"thundering engine of revolt and destruction†, (this illustrates the need to remember that Enlightenment thought was not uniform) and who was, according to Diderot, â€Å"raining bombs upon the house of the Lord.† d’Holbach made his views clear when he stated, â€Å"to discover the true principles of morality, men have no need of theology, of revelation, or of gods, they have need of commonsense only †¦ men are †¦ w icked only because their reason is insufficiently developed.† Why should Voltaire and Diderot be concerned by this though? It cannot be denied that Voltaire disapproved of atheism – his work Jenni, or the sage and the atheist, was clearly an attack on d’Holbach and he reaffirmed his position when he stated, â€Å"the philosopher who recognizes a God has on his side a mass of probabilities which are equivalent to certainty †¦ the atheist has only doubts.† I would suggest that d’Holbach represented the Enlightenment taken to its extreme form – a belief in pure materialism, empiricism and sensationalism (the idea that we can only know what we can sense). It should be remembered that d’Holbach had criticized deism as merely being Christianity in a different form. This issue seems to me to be centred around whether or not â€Å"God is needed to provide a divine sanction for morality† (Voltaire) or if religion actually â€Å"ext inguished happiness and peace in the very heart of man† (d’Holbach). Is this what worried the deists – no god, equals no morality and justice? It should be pointed out that d’Holbach was not the only disparate element in this conflict – Rousseau appears to take an ultra-deist stance, arguing in the Social Contract that since religion and society are inextricably bound, any citizen who does not practice any form of religion is unreliable and should not be tolerated (i.e. atheists), thus Rousseau seems to be arguing that society will always need religion. What makes this perspective ironic is that as they became older, both Diderot and Voltaire gradually shifted from deism towards either full-blown atheism or a form of agnosticism. Whether they finally succumbed to the continual advancement of science (which previously they had argued did not disprove God’s existence) or the obvious fact that the concept of bienfaisance was wrong (Candide was w ritten to refute not only the idea that everything in society must be good since God created it but that everything was created for the benefit of man) I don’t know. What it says about the Enlightenment is also unclear – possibly that the growing realisation that the ills of society were not as easy to cure as previously imagined? What then was the significance of the Enlightenment’s treatment of religion? First and foremost it was an attack on state religion – the idea that the Roman Catholic church could outlaw other religions, had a monopoly on education, enforced rigorous censorship (Voltaire’s Dictionnaire Philosophique, which asked God, â€Å"creator of all worlds†, to forgive christians for their blasphemy, was condemned and burnt by the Church) laws and attempted to block the progress of knowledge (notably their treatment of Galileo) was anathema to a movement that advocated freedom in any form. It was therefore a political struggle – the dominance of the Church and the power it exerted over peoples’ lives and minds was unacceptable (thus the maxim of the philosophes was O tantum religio potuit saudere malorum: how great the evil which religion induces men to commit). Some have argued that the Enlightenment â€Å"decisively launched the secularization of European thought.† I would agree with this – the move from a monotheistic society to one which allowed deism and atheism to flourish must be seen as significant. It seems a strange coincidence that d’Holbach died in 1789, the same year the French Revolution occurred, a revolution which appeared to absorb his general philosophy on religion (especially the memorable Goddess of Reason) – does the French Revolution have the Enlightenment to thank for its own views on religion (or indeed the rest of society)? If you see the Revolution as enforcing Enlightenment ideals then you would have to agree. What stands out above all e lse is that the Enlightenment attempted and partially managed to remove the greatest block to freethought and progress — Christianity. It attacked superstition and ignorance, advocated (on the whole: I’m not sure if Rousseau can be classed as an Enlightenment figure) religious toleration and encouraged freethought and scientific progress – as mentioned earlier, the Enlightenment covered all aspects of life and aspired to apply the same tenets to all of them. To them religion was no exception and they regarded their religion as being the best it could be – free, rational and individualistic.BibliographyP.Gay, The Enlightenment: an interpretation. (Weidenfeld Wicolson, London, 1967). N.Hampson, The Enlightenment. (Penguin, England, 1982). M.Hunter D.Wooton (Ed.), Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992). H.Nicolson, The Age of Reason. (Constable and Co.Ltd., London, 1962). M.Perry, An Intellectual History of Moder n Europe. (Houghton Mifflin Company, U.S.A., 1993). J.Plamenatz, Man and Society: Political and Social theories from Machiavelli to Marx Vol.2 (Longman, U.S.A., 1963). R.Porter, The Enlightenment. (The Macmillan Press Ltd., Hampshire, 1990). J.M.Robertson, A Short History of Freethought. (Swan Sonnenschein and Co.Ltd., London, 1899).